Check-raise
Two moves: first a check, then, once the opponent has bet, a raise. It works because the opponent has already put money into the pot you are about to take.
A check-raise is not one move but two: you check, the opponent bets, you raise. His decision sits between them, and that is the whole point. Betting first, you take a pot holding only the blinds. Checking, you let him bet, and the pot now holds his bet too; the raise takes that as well.
The move has a double price. If the opponent checks behind, you have given the street away for free, and the card can fall against you. A check-raise pays only where the opponent bets often enough, and usually that is the player who raised before the flop: a bet is expected of him, and he makes it. With a strong hand a check-raise collects more than a bet; as a bluff it needs more folds, because the bet is larger.
An example from session 8
6♦6♥ on a flop of 6♠ 2♠ 5♥, three sixes. He re-raised before the flop, and I leave the action to him: I check, he bets $6, I raise to $18.75, he calls. Turn A♦: I check, he bets $16.83, I move all in for $75.25, he calls with 9♠7♠. Every word of his became my money: $6, then $16.83, then $75.25. Over eight sessions I raised in answer to someone's bet ten times and won ten.
The same in business
Money comes from answering someone else's move rather than from speaking out of turn. Letting the other side make the offer first and then raising means negotiating from their number, not yours. It works only with someone who has to speak: a buyer who needs to close the quarter, a supplier whose warehouse is overflowing. With someone who can stay silent, the check-raise fails and gives the street away.
The whole hand is in session 8: “A move out of turn says something about you that you did not mean to say”.
The other terms are in the glossary.